NVEO - NATURAL VOLATILES & ESSENTIAL OILS Journal | NVEO

Determination of Phenolics and Flavonoids in Ethanolic Extract of Rosa Centifolia Using UV-Visible Spectroscopy

Khushbu Singh — 2024-02-29

Objective: Our study aimed to analyze the phenolic properties of phytochemicals in ethanolic rose extract (Rosa centifolia L.). UV-Visible spectroscopic methods were used to achieve this goal. UV-Vis spectra helped identify the polyphenols present in the tested extract compared with the literature data. A large correlation was found between the antioxidant potential of the plant material (rose petals) tested.

Materials and Methods: The extraction process itself, as well as the processing of rose petals, has undoubtedly significantly reduced the antioxidants present in it. Rose petals were extracted by distillation method using a soxhlet apparatus for 4 hours and fractionated by using various solvent systems, petroleum ether: chloroform, chloroform: ethyl acetate, and ethyl acetate: ethanol of increasing polarity (100:0 to 0:100 with constant polarity increase of 10%) 10 fractions of each solvent system.

Results: The ethanolic extract UV-visible spectroscopy profile showed peaks at 268, 270, 285, 401, and 408 nm with the absorption 0.0128, 0.0126, 0.0051, 0.162, and 0.142 respectively. The final fraction of the extract shows 255, 257, 260, 273, 307, 401, and 408 nm with the absorption 0.0190, 0.017, 0.0399, 0.0279, 0.0181, 0.354, and 0.250 respectively.

Conclusion: The analysis of the sample shows a noticeable presence of polyphenolic compounds Rose petal extracts can be an alternative to synthetic compounds in cosmetics, food, or medications, such as Trolox, BHA, and BHT.

Climate Dynamics: Unravelling the Characteristics of Monsoon Semipermanent Features

Nepal Singh — 2024-05-25

The Indian summer monsoon (ISM) spans a crucial four-month period, unfolding from June to September (JJAS), inundating the Indian subcontinent with extensive rainfall. The stark contrast in land-sea heating stands as a key catalyst for the ISM phenomenon. Managing the ISM hinges on the orchestration of various monsoon semi-permanent features (MSF), encompassing entities like the Pakistan heat low, cross-equatorial low-level jet over the Arabian Sea, the tropical easterly jet over the Indian Ocean at 200 hPa, Mascarene High, and the seasonal anti-cyclone over Tibet. Fluctuations in these MSF wield significant influence over the Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR), making it crucial to scrutinize their structure and variability amidst evolving climate scenarios, foreseeing their impact on future monsoons. Additionally, the ISM displays internal variability, oscillating between deficit and surplus years. Understanding how MSF impacts this variability becomes pivotal. Therefore, the main focus of the study is to investigate the fluctuations in rainfall during JJAS across the Indian monsoon core region, as well as the unique features of the Monsoon Surge Frequency (MSF) in two divergent monsoon years. Prior research has underscored the pivotal role of the monsoon core zone in shaping ISM, hence focusing on this zone for the rainfall study. To achieve these objectives, datasets from reputable sources like the 5th generation European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ERA5), India Meteorological Department (IMD) rainfall records from 1981-2020, and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) spanning 2015-2021 under four distinct SSP scenarios are employed. These datasets aid in deciphering alterations in MSF and their repercussions on ISM-induced rainfall. The assessment of rainfall percentage departure utilizes methodologies in line with Rajeevan et al.'s (2010) framework, ensuring comprehensive and comparable analyses across datasets. This comprehensive study amalgamates various datasets and analytical approaches to illuminate the complex interplay between MSF, rainfall variations, and the dynamics of the Indian summer monsoon, laying the groundwork for informed assessments of future climate scenarios and their potential implications on this critical meteorological phenomenon.

The Impact Of Ramadan Fasting On Adrenal Hormones And Cholesterol Among Healthy Iraqi Students

Jamal ALMADHIDI — 2024-06-01

Background: The adrenal gland produces several hormones that help regulate the body's metabolism, blood pressure, and response to stress. It is expected that the shift to eating in the evening, the lack of sleep at night and lifestyle changes will have an effect on the circadian rhythm of hormones during Ramadan fasting. This study's objective is to measure the levels of various adrenal hormones and cholesterol during and after Ramadan fasting in the blood of healthy Iraqi students. Method: This case-control study was conducted on forty healthy students from the Fallujah faculty of medicine. The blood was drawn on average at 1:00 p.m. Two times of blood samples were obtained; after the end of the third week of Ramadan fasting, and two weeks after the end of Ramadan for the year 1444 AH. Plasma epinephrine, aldosterone, and cortisol were measured immediately by ELISA, while cholesterol by spectrophotometer. Results: The blood levels of the adrenal hormones and cholesterol in both sexes, during and after Ramadan, were within the normal values. There are differences in the normal values of the studied compounds between males and females. In Ramadan, the results of adrenal hormones and cholesterol were statistically insignificant between males and females. And also after Ramadan, with the exception of epinephrine and aldosterone, which showed statistical significance between them. Cortisol results showed high statistical significance for both sexes, as well as epinephrine and aldosterone results for males between Ramadan and beyond. While the results of epinephrine, aldosterone, and cholesterol in females showed no statistical significance. Conclusion: Ramadan fasting does not appear to have a significant impact on level of adrenal hormones and cholesterol in the blood of healthy Iraqi students. Highly statistically significant (P < 0.001) results in the male adrenal hormones between Ramadan and after. Both genders display a notable degree of variability in normal values of these compounds.

Evaluation of Betatrophin hormone in Patients with type 2 diabetes

Mustafa Saleam Khalaf — 2024-09-07

Background: Diabetes mellitus Type 2 (DMT2) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose level due to insulin resistance, which in turn reduces the secretion of insulin hormone relatively . Such metabolic disorders often result in failure of pancreatic beta cells function and their lack of differentiation and thus lack of insulin secretion . Betatrophin hormone (B.H.) is a protein hormone consisting of 198 amino acids . B.H. is considered one of the newly discovered hormones, as many studies have confirmed and demonstrated the relationship between obesity and diabetes and B.H. because the B.H. has several important metabolic roles .

Materials and methods: The current study involved selection 25 individuals of healthy group (first group) and individuals of newly DMT2 group (second group), age of all individuals > 40 of both genders. For all individuals were measured Ins.H. , c-peptide , RBS HbA1c and B.H. levels in serum and whole blood . The statistical analysis method was t-test to explain the clinical significant value when compare between 2 groups .

Results: This study results reveals the significant elevation of the c-peptide , RBS , HbA1c and B.H. level in second group compared with first group . In study , the t-test used by mean ± standard deviation (SD) to compare between groups .

Conclusion: The results of the current study summarize that the level of B.H. increases at the onset of DMT2 , and this increase is an attempt by the body to enhance the mass of pancreatic beta cells to regulate and enhance the secretion of insulin .

The Concept of Surrogacy: An Analysis

Dr. Rajvir kaur — 2024-09-03

Procreation is essential for the survival of all forms of life including man because no living being is immortal. Like animals, human beings also require the cooperation of two individuals with different sex structures for protection. Urge in living beings in this regard is called sexual urge. Nature has bestowed the beautiful capacity to procreate a life within women and every woman cherishes the experience of motherhood. Unfortunately, some women due to certain physiological conditions cannot give birth to their offspring. The desire for motherhood leads them to search for alternative solutions, and surrogacy presents itself as the most viable alternative. Advances in assisted reproductive techniques such as donor insemination and, embryo transfer methods, have revolutionized the reproductive environment, resulting in surrogacy as the most desirable option. To channel this the concept of marriage developed in the society of human beings.[1] Procreation is a biological process by which a woman gives birth to a child. Women are raised to see themselves as child bearers and men to see themselves as generations of procreation. Biological parents raise a child to achieve the success and identity that comes from genetic heritage.[2] Thus reproduction transcends the boundaries of individual lives to signal the survival and continuation of the family and the species.