Cholinergic System Aggravates Sik-1/Sik-3 Mediated Suppression Of Ca2+ Pathway Associated Oxidative Stress- Inflammatory Axis In Neurotoxic Alzheimer’s Type Dementia

Abstract

The AD is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive anterograde amnesia, cerebral atrophy, functional decline, and eventual death. among people of ages ranging from 60 to 84, 24.3 million are suffering from AD. with the number of cases estimated to rise to nearly 106 million by 2050. The pathophysiology of AD includes both structural and functional abnormalities including multiple anatomical lesions occur in the brain, including the appearance of senile plaques consisting of Aβ and neurofibrillary tangles containing phosphorylated tau, and major synaptic changes leads to substantial loss of synaptic profiles. In AD, there are also significant oxidative stress- inflammation leads to mitochondrial abnormalities and severe synaptic damage and neuronal death due to overactivation of Ca2+ pathway mediated by various factors including glutamate hyperactivity. Furthermore, the cholinergic system activation achieving the equilibrium of overactivated Ca2+ path and further activate downstream salt-inducible kinases (SIK1/SIK3) belong to AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) family, and functions mainly involve in regulating energy response-related physiological processes, such as gluconeogenesis and lipid metabolism. However, compared with another well-established energy-response kinase AMPK, SIKs roles in human diseases, especially in AD are rarely investigated. Thus, in this review our primary aim to investigate the Ca2+ pathway associated increase in oxidative stress- neuroinflammatory axis in AD progression and the effectiveness of cholinergic system via aggravation of SIK-1/SIK-3 mediated suppression of progression of AD is more efficient therapeutic strategy.