A Review On Toxicological Hazards Of P-Phenylenediamines: A Primary Ingredient Of Hair Dye And Potential Biomarker-Based Risk Assessment

Abstract

In modern time, the use of cosmetic, beauty and personal care products (PCPs) has increased all over the world. Peoples use hair dye to change their appearance so that they seem attractive. An increasing amount of different compounds are used to make these PCPs effective in performance and quality. Numerous chemical additives have toxic effects to humans and can cause mild hypersensitivity to lethal intoxication. These compounds may have adverse effects after dermal penetration and absorption by other routes as these can act as mutagens, toxin to cells and cellular system, carcinogen and endocrine disruptors. The pathways of toxicity and mechanism of action are still underway for hair dyes. The evaluation of potential toxicity of hair dye is very difficult due to involvement of primary molecules, their intermediates and final product in reaction at a single point. Therefore, hair dye toxicity should be examined and tested individually and with different combinations in order to determine any toxic effects of reaction products produced. Since toxicity of hair dye is of concern, a brief discussion about biomarker based toxicological assessment of hair dye and its ingredients.