A Review On The Main Levels Of Ontology And A Proposed Lower Level For The Quranic Ontology

Abstract

Ontology is a data model that describes the related meaning between concepts of knowledge. The knowledge fragments based on
taxonomy are depicted by the levels of ontology, such as the upper, middle, lower, and lowest level, which differs in the reusability,
depth, and breadth of knowledge. Previous literature focused on the ontology’s upper level only, which disregarded the other levels.
Two main levels, the upper and lower level, were compared where the lower level required less understanding to develop an ontology
and retrieved higher results than the upper level, albeit the upper level could work in other domains because of its high reusability
and flexible ontology. This paper reviewed the lower level of the Quranic ontologies, which described nouns or verbs of the part-ofspeech (POS) of the various Quranic domains. Concerning other ontologies, one Quranic ontology got 196 and 180 Quran verses for
two Arabic root words as sample query words, albeit this Quranic ontology could not retrieve the exact number of verses, which
were collected by the research team of the Faculty of Quran and Sunnah Studies (FPQS), Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM).
Therefore, this paper enhanced the Quranic ontology using several POS concepts and, synonym and antonym relations.